« Back to Exclusive Articles

LDL-Cholesterol & Cardiovascular Disease – Part 3: Scientific Causality

This content is restricted to members.

To view our premium content, sign up for a membership:

Register New Account

Username

First Name

Last Name

Password

Password Again

Choose your membership level

Monthly Membership - €24.99 - 1 Month
Full Education Hub access: the weekly Study Deepdive, bi-monthly video Research Lectures, Exclusive Articles, and the full backcatalog of Deepdives in downloadable pdf format.
Annual Membership - €249.99 - 1 Year
Access to all the Education Hub content, at a reduced annual rate.

Discount Code - Valid - Invalid

Choose Your Payment Method

Credit / Debit Card PayPal

I agree to the privacy policy

‹ Back to Exclusive Articles

References

1. Hill A. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1965;58(5):295-300.

2. Dawber T, Moore F, Mann G. II. Coronary Heart Disease in the Framingham Study. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 1957;47(4):4-24.

3. Boekholdt S, Hovingh G, Mora S, Arsenault B, Amarenco P, Pedersen T et al. Very Low Levels of Atherogenic Lipoproteins and the Risk for Cardiovascular Events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014;64(5):485-494.

4. Ference B. Causal Effect of Lipids and Lipoproteins on Atherosclerosis. Cardiology Clinics. 2018;36(2):203-211.

5. Ference B, Majeed F, Penumetcha R, Flack J, Brook R. Effect of Naturally Random Allocation to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Mediated by Polymorphisms in NPC1L1, HMGCR, or Both. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;65(15):1552-1561.

6. Cannon C, IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372:2387-2397.

7. Sabatine M, Giugliano R, Keech A, Honarpour N, Wiviott S, Murphy S et al. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(18):1713-1722.

8. Lawler P, Akinkuolie A, Chu A, Shah S, Kraus W, Craig D et al. Atherogenic Lipoprotein Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease and Residual Risk Among Individuals With Low Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017;6(7).

9. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths. The Lancet. 2007;370(9602):1829-1839.

10. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and stroke in the Asia Pacific region. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2003;32(4):563-572.

11. Silverman M, Ference B, Im K, Wiviott S, Giugliano R, Grundy S et al. Association Between Lowering LDL-C and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Among Different Therapeutic Interventions. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289.

12. Postmus I, Deelen J, Sedaghat S, Trompet S, de Craen A, Heijmans B et al. LDL cholesterol still a problem in old age? A Mendelian randomization study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2015;44(2):604-612.

13. The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration*. Major Lipids, Apolipoproteins, and Risk of Vascular Disease. JAMA. 2009;302(18):1993.

14. Ference B, Yoo W, Alesh I, Mahajan N, Mirowska K, Mewada A et al. Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Beginning Early in Life on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012;60(25):2631-2639.

15. Ference B, Ginsberg H, Graham I, Ray K, Packard C, Bruckert E et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. European Heart Journal. 2017;38(32):2459-2472.

16. Borén J, Chapman M, Krauss R, Packard C, Bentzon J, Binder C et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. European Heart Journal. 2020;.

17. Nissen S, Nicholls S, Sipahi I, Libby P, Raichlen J, Ballantyne C et al. Effect of Very High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Regression of Coronary Atherosclerosis – the ASTEROID Trial. JAMA. 2006;295(13):1556.

18. Nicholls S, Puri R, Anderson T, Ballantyne C, Cho L, Kastelein J et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Progression of Coronary Disease in Statin-Treated Patients. JAMA. 2016;316(22):2373.