*Geek Box: Blood Lipid Levels
*Geek Box: Blood Lipid Levels Context will be helpful in any study you read with blood cholesterol levels as an outcome, so let’s expand on this here....
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*Geek Box: HRT
*Geek Box: The Famous HRT Example Any medical student likely knows this by heart at this stage. In a cohort study published in 1996, an...
*Geek Box: ApoE-4
*Geek Box: ApoE-4 Apolipoprotein E [ApoE] is a protein expressed in tissues throughout the body, but with particularly high expression in the liver and in...
*Geek Box: Bertrand’s Rule
*Geek Box: Bertrand's Rule The French biological scientist and biochemist, Gabriel Bertrand, first published what became known as ‘Bertrand’s Rule’ in 1912. In effect, Bertrand’s Rule describes...
*Geek Box: Exposure Contrasts
*Geek Box: Exposure Contrasts in Nutritional Epidemiology Nutritional epidemiology faces two particular challenges when it comes to assessing diet-disease relationships: narrow variability in daily intake, and measurement error...
*Geek Box: Adjustment Models
*Geek Box: Adjustment Models Reading nutritional epidemiology, you will continually encounter a long list of variables [generally referred to as ‘covariates’] that the investigators adjusted for. In statistics, the term ‘adjustment’ means...
*Geek Box: Comparison Levels
*Geek Box: Comparison Levels in Nutrition Research One issue for nutrition interventions that differ from drug interventions, is that nutrient intake tends to have a...
*Geek Box: The ‘ATE’
*Geek Box: Average Treatment Effects One very misunderstood aspect of interpreting studies, in particular intervention studies, is that a lack of effect means that the intervention worked for no one. This...
*Geek Box: Apoliproprotein B
*Geek Box: Apoliproprotein B Known as ‘ApoB’, this marker has emerged as a refined measure of all atherogenic lipoproteins in circulation. Historically, LDL-cholesterol has been...
*Geek Box: Per Protocol
*Geek Box: Per Protocol Analysis You may recall from a previous Deepdive that we covered something known as ‘intention to treat’, which is a form...
*Geek Box: Confidence Intervals
*Geek Box: Confidence Intervals You may want to read the ‘Results’ section again having read this, but let’s break down how to use confidence intervals to your...
*Geek Box: Latency Periods
*Geek Box: Latency Periods The 'latency period’ of a disease is the period during which it is developing, without any overt signs or symptoms, prior...