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3 Meals vs. 6 Meals for Type-2 Diabetes Management

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References

  1. DeFronzo R. Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes. Drugs. 1999;58(Supplement 1):29-30.
  2. Guess N. Dietary Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in High-Risk Groups: Current State of Evidence and Future Research Needs. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1245.
  3. Lindgren O, Mari A, Deacon C, Carr R, Winzell M, Vikman J et al. Differential Islet and Incretin Hormone Responses in MorningVersusAfternoon after Standardized Meal in Healthy Men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2009;94(8):2887-2892.
  4. Jakubowicz D, Wainstein J, Ahren B, Landau Z, Bar-Dayan Y, Froy O. Fasting Until Noon Triggers Increased Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Impaired Insulin Response After Lunch and Dinner in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1820-1826.
  5. Jakubowicz D, Wainstein J, Ahrén B, Bar-Dayan Y, Landau Z, Rabinovitz H et al. High-energy breakfast with low-energy dinner decreases overall daily hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia. 2015;58(5):912-919.
  6. Gu C, Brereton N, Schweitzer A, Cotter M, Duan D, Børsheim E et al. Metabolic Effects of Late Dinner in Healthy Volunteers—A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(8):2789-2802.
  7. Bandín C, Scheer F, Luque A, Ávila-Gandía V, Zamora S, Madrid J et al. Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: A randomized, crossover trial. International Journal of Obesity. 2014;39(5):828-833.
  8. Leung G, Huggins C, Bonham M. Effect of meal timing on postprandial glucose responses to a low glycemic index meal: A crossover trial in healthy volunteers. Clinical Nutrition. 2019;38(1):465-471.
  9. Sutton E, Beyl R, Early K, Cefalu W, Ravussin E, Peterson C. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metabolism. 2018;27(6):1212-1221.e3.
  10. Kahleova H, Belinova L, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Trnovska J, Skop V et al. Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(8):1552-1560.
  11. Hibi M, Masumoto A, Naito Y, Kiuchi K, Yoshimoto Y, Matsumoto M et al. Nighttime snacking reduces whole body fat oxidation and increases LDL cholesterol in healthy young women. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2013;304(2):R94-R101.
  12. Pearce K, Noakes M, Keogh J, Clifton P. Effect of carbohydrate distribution on postprandial glucose peaks with the use of continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2008;87(3):638-644.
  13. Morris C, Garcia J, Myers S, Yang J, Trienekens N, Scheer F. The Human Circadian System Has a Dominating Role in Causing the Morning/Evening Difference in Diet-Induced Thermogenesis. Obesity. 2015;23(10):2053-2058.
  14. Richter J, Herzog N, Janka S, Baumann T, Kistenmacher A, Oltmanns K. Twice as High Diet-Induced Thermogenesis After Breakfast vs Dinner On High-Calorie as Well as Low-Calorie Meals. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(3):e211-e221.
  15. Jakubowicz D, Froy O, Wainstein J, Boaz M. Meal timing and composition influence ghrelin levels, appetite scores and weight loss maintenance in overweight and obese adults. Steroids. 2012;77(4):323-331.

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